A Letter to His Parents by Dr. Jose Rizal Essay

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM Psychoanalytic criticism: * It adopts the methods of reading. It argues the literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author. * A literary work is a manifestation of the author’s own neuroses. * It usually assumes that all such characters are projections of the author’s psyche. * It validates the importance of literature. * Seeks evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilt, ambivalences and may result to a disunited literary work. * The author’s own childhood traumas, sexual conflicts and fixation can be traced within the behavior of the characters in his/her literary work. Key terms in Psychoanalytic criticism by Freud: 1. repression. Every human has to undergo a repression of the pleasure principle by the reality principle; for some, even whole societies, repression may become excessive and make us ill. The paradox at the heart of Freud’s work is that we come to be what we are only by massive repression of the elements that have gone into our making. A vital conception in Freud’s thought is that that which is repressed will ‘return’ in some way — among the ways are parapraxis and psychic disorders. 2. sexuality The zoning of pleasure — through oral, anal and phallic stages; a gradual organization of the libidinal drives. The object of drives is flexible, changeable. Freud considered the biologically appropriate ‘phallic’ stage to be the proper, mature phase. The drives can be ‘hung up’, as it were, on objects, which are thus fetishized, wrongly experienced as the goal of the drive. 3. self. The early years of child’s life are not those of a unified subject but are a complex, shifting field of libidinal force in which the subject has no centre of identity and has indeterminate boundaries with the external world. The self which emerges, however, from the Oedipus complex (see below) is while more stable, a split subject, torn between conscious and  unconscious being, as it is forbidden to consummate the union it desires and so must repress those desires and substitute more acceptable objects of desire. 4. the Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex is/marks the structure of relations by which we are produced and constituted as subjects. The self must be taken in hand to exist in the world — formed as an individual, a gendered subject through the Oedipus complex, and the threat of castration. The child desires (union with) mother, the father intervenes and bars this union; the son sees his difference from mother (her lack of a phallus), adjusts to reality by seeing its capability of being like the father who is also his enemy and whose power threatens to castrate him. This is not an easy or unproblematic process but is deeply disturbing and marks the child as he represses his true desire. This process is less clear for women, who resign selves to being like the mother, and displace their desire for, in their case, the father, onto a desire to have a child. 5. dream interpretation. The aspects of a dream are condensation (focusing various meanings in one referent), displacement (something like the use of tropes, allusions), regressive transformation (replacing ideas and feelings with images), secondary revision (making everything fit into a story ): all concepts which can easily be transferred to the function of literature. 6. unconscious Produced through repression, the unconscious peaks in the world through dreams, through parapraxes (slips, ways in which the unconscious speaks despite the vigilance of our conscious selves). The unconscious is powered by libidinal drives, and is an inevitable force in our lives. 7. disorders 1. neurosis [obsessional, hysterical, or phobic]: the result of internal conflict as the ego defensively blocks the intrusion of desire; these begin during the Oedipal phase, arrested or fixated ; analysis uncovers the hidden causes and acts to re-live, re-interpret the failed development, in order to relieve the patient of her/his conflicts, so dissolving distressing  symptoms. 2. psychosis: the ego comes under the sway of the unconscious — paranoia, schizophrenia; a harder case to treat than neurosis, as the self has been virtually subsumed. 8. transference. As the patient talks to the analyst, he transfers his conflicts onto analyst: this creates a controlled situation, a form of repetition of the conflict, in which conflict the analyst can intervene; what is repaired in analysis is not quite what is wrong in real life, but the patient is able to construct a new narrative for herself, in which she can interpret and make sense of the disturbances from which she suffers. 9. the early theory of the self: According to Silverman(see particularly Ch. 2 and 4) the earlier theory of the self is a more flexible, dynamic concept than the later. In the early theory, or ‘topography’, found in The Interpretation of Dreams, the mind is divided into three areas, the memory, the unconscious, and the preconscious. There are as well two temporary conditions, memory, which leaves sensory mnemonic traces (fully accessible to the unconscious, but fully accessible to the conscious self), and the motor response. The unconscious is, of course, not itself accessible to the conscious self except in disguised form. The cultural norms and repressions are stored in the preconscious, which is somewhat available to the conscious self. It is the preconscious which substitutes attainable gratifications for unattainable ones, and which works to substitute thought for sensory and affective memories. The pleasure principle is in fact the motive to avoid discomfort, not t o seek pleasure; the discomfort is produced by the conflicts that we inevitably feel through repressions, prohibitions and so forth. 10. The later theory: the Id operates at the behest of the pleasure principle; the ego, formed through a series of identifications with objects external to the self, carries out the commands of the reality principle; the superego in an internalized ideal image of the father in his power, his privilege, his repressiveness, and his genuinely-experienced superiority.

Assess The Importance Of The Political And

Military Considerations That Led The Ussr Towards The Invasion Of Czechoslovakia In August 1968. Essay, Research Paper The Novotny government in Czechoslovakia fell in December 1968 due to miss of economic reforms unsolved political jobs of the Slovak portion of the state, and Novotny s failure to cover with turning clash between the government and the state s intellectuals and pupils. Dubcek was appointed the new president, nevertheless during the Prague Spring, the reforms that were brought in by the new leading began to present many jobs. Although, harmonizing to several beginnings, Moscow felt it necessary to present some economical reform in Czechoslovakia, one of the most faithful Warsaw Alliess, the extent to which the Spring went proved excessively far for the Orthodox leaders of the Soviet Union. After seeking to set force per unit area on Dubcek to do him hold back the reforms, USSR came to the concluding determination # 8211 ; invasion. On August 21st Czechoslovakia was invaded by the Warsaw Pact troops. This essay looks at the state of affairs that developed in Czechoslovakia during the memorable Spring of 1968, and focuses on the factors that eventually pushed USSR towards occupying one of its Alliess. Behind the invasion were sets of considerations, political every bit good as military. I will measure the importance of these considerations in the essay. When in the winter of 1967 Novotny invited Brezhnev to assist him against resistance within Czechoslovakia, Brezhnev washed his custodies off the matter, stating: It s your concern. The relaxed attitude at this phase suggests that Moscow felt it was clip to present some reforms in Czechoslovakia in order to overhaul the state where, under Novotny the economic system had atrophied and the morale had sunk. A few yearss after Brezhnev s visit the rebellion against Novotny s government came into the unfastened at a Czech Central Committee plenum. Shortly thenceforth, at the plenum of January 3-5, 1968, Alexander Dubcek replaced Novotny as party secretary. It is interesting to look at the inquiry of new leading in Czechoslovakia, to what extent did USSR support it? Alexander Dubcek was an vague forty-six-year-old Slovak party official, brought up and educated in USSR. Harmonizing to P.J. Mooney Dubcek s lineage was faultless. Moscow was happy with Dubcek s assignment, even though his aspiration to regenerate the party was known, Brezhnev sent his praises. It seems instead dry that Moscow supported the new government, nevertheless yet there was no grounds that Dubcek was be aftering to liberalise the Czechoslovak political system every bit much as he did. Dubcek was seen as a loyal party member, and the communiqu that followed the meeting of Brezhnev and Dubcek in Moscow in the terminal of January 1968 radius of the full individuality of positions on all inquiries discussed. In my sentiment at this point non even Dubcek imagined where the reforms would take and how rapidly the state of affairs would develop. The new leading had to confront multiple jobs, it had to fulfill the demands of the intellectuals, pupils and other progressive groups within Czechoslovakia, while at the same clip guarantee the Soviet Union of trueness and show consciousness of the extent to which the reforms will travel. Dubcek fell between two stools. He sought to happen balance, sing the internal state of affairs he promised there would be no return to administrative methods of regulating. At the same clip he tried to reassure those who concerned about the weakening of rules of socialism by stating them the new government would non travel excessively far. On the 23rd of March the Soviet concern at the tendency of events was expressed to Dubcek and his co-workers at the Dresden conference. This was an exigency meeting of the Warsaw Pact members ( excepting Rumania ) , as the Alliess felt the menace of Czechoslovak reforms to the common policies of the Warsaw axis. One of the factors that particularly alarmed USSR was that Dubcek hinted at more Czechoslovak independency in foreign personal businesss, which meant that Prague would seek better dealingss with West Germany. USSR besides expressed concern over the undermentioned developments: the call for alteration of censoring, an addition in the function of Parliament ; talk of a socialist market economic system and a greater inner-party democracy. Brezhnev saw all these developments as playing into the custodies of the West, and possibly even suspected some Western engagement in the Czechoslovak personal businesss. This was a major political concern, as Western influence could sabotage the ideological integrity of the orbiter states. As Brezhnev put it: Imperialism has attempted to weaken the ideological-political integrity of the working people in socialist states # 8230 ; The communiqu of the Dresden Conference stressed the danger of militaristic and Neo-Nazi activity in West Germany and the demand to transport out practical steps in immediate hereafter to consolidate the Warsaw Treaty and its armed forces. Besides came a clearly expressed warning to Czechoslovakia, the conference members stated that it was expected of the new Czechoslovak leading to see farther advancement of socialist building. Dubcek was besides advised to seek fiscal assistance from the Warsaw Pact Alliess, instead than developing economic dealingss with West Germany. Dubcek had received the first warning from the Soviet Union. Nevertheless he continued to advance freedom of address and radius of the demand to do the party the retainer and non the maestro of the people. Argument widened and one issue led to another as the political onion was unpeeled bed by bed # 8230 ; Novotny was replaced by Svoboda on March 29th a new president who supported Dubcek. Another warning came from Moscow, this clip non merely from Brezhnev, but besides from the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Semyonov, who stated that unless Dubcek and Svoboda maintain, order Russian military personnels would step in. On 31st March of Soviet Minister Marshall Grechko, who empowered 35 000 military personnels in the state to enforce soldierly jurisprudence if necessary, arrived at the Red Army central office in Czechoslovakia, underscoring this menace. Harmonizing to J. Steele in March Brezhnev still hoped that Czechoslovakia s Communists would barricade the unsafe tendencies themselves, provided they were cognizant of the failing in their ain ranks. This position was certain to alter after the Czechoslovak Central Committee approved of the Action Program on May 5th. If the Soviet leaders did get down by trusting that detaining tactics would decide the Czech job, they obviously were disabused of this thought in early April, when the Dubcek government s new action plan was adopted. This plan, approved after a hebdomad long meeting provided new warrants of freedom of address, broader electoral Torahs, more power for parliament and authorities versus the party setup, greater range for non-Communist groups, and other economic and political reforms. It was a 60 page papers entitled: Czechoslovakia s Road to Socialism, released in a drumhead signifier on April 9th. The Action Program confirmed Moscow s frights. USSR approved of order above all things, hence the state of affairs in Czechoslovakia appeared so unsafe. It was unpredictable. Up to this minute, the Soviets maintained a cautious attitude towards Czechoslovakia, the imperativeness kept quiet about the state of affairs. The Action Program though was regarded by the Soviet leaders as a unsafe going from orthodoxy that finally might endanger the footing of party s legitimacy everyplace, the Soviet Union included. It became clear that to halt reforms, USSR would hold to take a harder base on the issue. Dubcek and his followings weren t commanding the state of affairs, at least non in the manner Kremlin felt it needed to be controlled. On April 12th for the first clip the imperativeness commented on the state of affairs. Pravda condemned right-wing surpluss that allegedly were demoing up in Prague. Already at this point, USSR felt threatened by the extent of reforms taking topographic point in Czechoslovakia, though at foremost there was a certain grade of support for the new leading, Moscow was longer certain about Dubcek s purposes and felt the demand to somehow act upon the state of affairs in Prague. The Czechs realized the demand to pacify Moscow s uncertainties, and Dubcek went to Moscow in early May. The followers was said by Josef Smirkovsky ( Chairman of the Czech parliament ) : We must understand the frights of the Soviet Union which has in the head non merely Czechoslovakia, but besides the security of the whole socialist cantonment. Even so, the Soviet companions declared [ on Dubcek s visit to Moscow ] that they do non desire and will non interfere in Czechoslovakia s internal personal businesss. Possibly Czechoslovakia was acquiring the incorrect feeling from the Soviets, nevertheless I believe that Czechoslovakia at this phase should hold started moving more carefully, Kremlin s base was obvious by mid-May. Czechoslovakia had received adequate intimations and warnings from USSR, but all was ignored. Harmonizing to P. J. Mooney: despite Czechoslovak protestations, it must hold looked to Moscow as though Czechoslovakia was traveling the manner of Hungary in 1956. Brezhnev and his co-workers did non take long to make up ones mind that they might hold to step in by force. It is non known precisely when this determination was reached, nevertheless several factors indicate there were vacillations within the Soviet party about what attack to take towards Czechoslovakia. On May 17th Kosygin ( the Soviet Prime Minister ) visited Dubcek for a ten-day work-and-cure meeting at Karlovy-Vary, while at the same time Marshall Grechko was run intoing for a six-day unit of ammunition of conversations with defence functionaries in Czechoslovakia. T.W. Wolfe believes Kosygin s surprise visit and his desire to measure the current state of affairs suggested that at least some elements of the Soviet leading were still hopeful that Dubcek could be prevailed upon to asseverate stricter party control over the reform motion, saving USSR from intercession. However P.J. Mooney has a different sentiment on this. Kosygin visited Prague to discourse the strengthening of the Warsaw Pact, or closer control over Czechoslovakia. Moscow continued following a two-track policy. Pressure was exerted on Czechoslovakia to decelerate down reforms, and at the same clip USSR was fixing for the invasion. By the terminal of May it was announced that Warsaw treaty manoeuvres would take topographic point on Czechoslovak district in June. This helped USSR to prove evidences during June and July, and became a major force per unit area tool. However reforms continued. On June 27th, National Assembly voted to get rid of censoring, one of the cardinal promises of the Action Program was now realized. Equally good as that the same twenty-four hours a pronunciamento naming for more extremist reform was published: The 2000 Words. Harmonizing to T.W. Wolfe, The 2000 Words confirmed the Soviet fright of what would go on to the imperativeness one time censoring was abolished and no longer fell under the control of the party. He besides states that June 27th can be identified as one of the major turning points in the Soviet response to Czechoslovak reforms. From the early yearss of July throughout the balance of the month, Moscow mounted a steadily intensified war of nervousnesss against the Dubcek government, against the background of military moves which implied that the Soviet Union was fixing for an armed intercession should the Czechs persist on their democratisation class. June was followed by a period known as the July Crisis. On July 11th an article by I. Aleksandrov was published in Pravda, assailing The 2000 words as grounds of activation of right wing and counterrevolutionary forces in Czechoslovakia and pulling a comparing with the state of affairs that developed in Hungary in 1956 naming for Soviet intercession. As USSR became more disquieted about the state of affairs, it was decided to show the concerns in a signifier of a written warning. Along with Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary and Poland on 15th July a missive was written turn toing the Czechoslovak leading: we can non hold to hold hostile forces push your state off from the route of socialism and make a danger of Czechoslovakia being severed from the socialist community. The ideological evidences for intercession were prepared # 8211 ; Czechoslovakia was the concern of the whole socialist cantonment. The missive besides laid accent on Party s loss of control of mass media. The Warsaw Letter served as an unambiguous warning. It was one of USSR s concluding efforts to supercharge Czechoslovak leading into decelerating down the reforms. This was followed by a demand from Moscow for an immediate meeting of the full Soviet Politburo and the Czechoslovak Presidium. However, due to the fact that the West was going aware of the state of affairs the political considerations were going more apparent. Brezhnev couldn T afford to follow a soft policy towards a rebellious satellite state. At the clip of the Cold War USSR had to be seen as a major power with strong support of the Warsaw Pact Alliess. Besides sing the development of the Sino-Soviet relationship throughout the 1960ss and USSR s loss of influence in Albania, Kremlin had to be careful non to free more communist Alliess. Harmonizing to Edmonds USSR politically had every ground to be concerned at the consequence on the universe communist motion. Poland and Eastern Germany put the Soviet Union under force per unit area. The leaders of these states, Gomulka and Ulbricht, insisted on USSR s intervention into Czechoslovak personal businesss, as they were worried about the consequence the reforms had on their governments. It was decided to keep a meeting in Cierna on July 29th. Harmonizing to beginnings, the Czechs displayed solidarity and support for Dubcek s government. Moscow s computation that the Czech leading will check under force per unit area and ask for USSR s intercession proved to be incorrect. It was agreed that USSR would retreat the military personnels from Czechoslovakia in the close hereafter. This took topographic point in Bratislava on August 3rd. The leaders of the Warsaw Pact spouses met to back on the armistice reached in Cierna. However the diction of the Bratislava conference was woolly and the meeting resolved nil. Issues discussed were really general, hence the readings of the meeting were different for both sides. The Czechs left Bratislava experiencing they convinced the others of their trueness to the Warsaw Pact, believing their sovereignty was assured. The Bratislava declaration was a papers which the Czechs could construe as a licence to go on their reform plan. Yet USSR got a really different understanding. They hoped the Czechs would hold the reforms, puting up a pro-Russian disposal. If that failed, they would ask for Russians to decide the state of affairs by collaring Dubcek and his protagonists. Equally good as that they were trusting the party would re-gain control of the imperativeness. Though at one point it may hold seemed USSR gave in to Czechoslovakia, and the universe had witnessed another David-over-Goliath triumph, the Soviet Union was shortly to interrupt the semblance. On August 10th the proposals for revising the legislative acts of the Czechoslovak Communist party were published, excusing the rights of the minority to province its positions in public after a bulk determination had been reached. Edmonds believes that this in the eyes of Orthodox Communists was the offense of factionalism. How could this be allowed in a system where public sentiment prevailed that of an person? The political and military considerations that were supercharging Kremlin became excessively apparent. Ignoring the Cierna and Bratislava conferences, the Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia on the dark of August 20-21st. In my sentiment, one of the primary factors that USSR was bothered about was the fact that Czechoslovak reforms were floating out of the party s control. Harmonizing to Steele, Dubcek and his co-workers had shown neither the will, nor the finding to command the developments. USSR ever had influence and control over the Warsaw Pact states, reforms were neer allowed to travel excessively far. It was clear that the further the Czechoslovak system alterations, the harder it will be to change by reversal it, and one time re-gain control of the state of affairs. There was besides the menace that extremist groups in Czechoslovakia will seek independency from the USSR. This in bend could sabotage the Soviet repute in the whole universe. This brings us to the undermentioned factors behind the determination to occupy. USSR was put under force per unit area non merely by the strategic place vis- -vis the West, but besides the sentiments of the whole Communist cantonment. China strongly criticized USSR for deficiency of control over the state of affairs, and leaders of Poland and East Germany suggested Soviet Union s intercession, before things got out of manus and reforms spread all around the buffer provinces, the so called Domino theory. Steele believes that Moscow couldn t afford another desertion. Equally good as that the consequence on the government within Soviet Union itself was hard to foretell. Each new development in Czechoslovakia increased the trouble of keeping the line against reform at place. At the same clip, the statements against the invasion remained weak. There was the likely consequence that the invasion might convey on the other communist parties in the universe. China at this point was already out of the inquiry, so the lone power that could be concerned was Cuba, and Castro was excessively dependent on USSR anyhow. There were the Communist motions in the West, but none of these were strong plenty, or truly recognized. The inquiry of possible Czech opposition # 8211 ; in Hungary 1956 a batch of Russian lives were lost. Yet Czechoslovakia was different ; there was no traditional hostility towards the Russians, neither the desire to contend. Besides, after Cierna and Bratislava conferences the Russians could occupy utilizing the component of surprise. This is where military considerations come in. Sing as Warsaw Pact manoeuvres had been continuously in advancement since July, the monolithic invasion of Czechoslovakia could be conducted successfully. Finally came the concern about West s reaction. The Russians calculated that if the invasion would hold any consequence on vitamin D tente or the negotiations with US about the decrease of strategic weaponries ( which were to come near in the hereafter ) , this would be really ephemeral. Czechoslovakia remained in the Russian domain of influence. At the point US was more concerned with the war in Vietnam, and the elections that were to come that twelvemonth. Although at that place seemed to be a portion of vacillation among the Politburo members, the determination to halt the reforms by force was reached. Looking at the factors that led USSR towards the invasion, possibly this was no surprise. It seems like there wasn T truly an option, particularly taking into the history the immediate fortunes that led to it. The Soviet leading chose to fall back to repression instead than to bow to reform.

Health Care Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health Care Legal - Essay Example Further, in some cases errors, which rendered harm to the patients, are not reported which in the later stage turn out to produce adverse circumstances that becomes difficult to be managed. Again, the medical staffs fail to provide required information about errors and adverse circumstances for the fear of being proved guilty and duly punished. Programs made to encourage the healthcare employees to come forward with such information by evading fear from their minds have also failed to counter significant changes (Griffin & Haraden, n.d.p.246, 250). The healthcare practices with a view to reduce the incidence of fatal occurrences can look forward in designing effective systems for rendering effective health services. In that, the healthcare concern can arrange for proper training of the medical staffs to render effective and flawless service to the patients. The healthcare employees working in critical areas like operation theaters, emergency departments, and intensive care units must be trained in teams to reduce the incidence of errors. Working in a team helps an individual to perform more effectively. Modern healthcare systems incorporate newer technological developments. However, more number of innovations promoted in healthcare result to making the process more complex, which in turn leads to errors. Induction of newer technologies must be conducted with due care to help the medical team perform efficiently. Technological processes as automated order entry would help the medical team to identify expired medicines and right ly destroy them. The use of efficient monitoring instruments helps to judge the condition of patients subjected to strong medications. The healthcare organizations must take resort to increased bar coding practices to reduce the incidence of wrong medications. Machine readable bar coding systems must be put to render accuracy in the system (Griffin & Haraden, n.d.pp.257-258; Kohn, Corrigan & Donaldson, 2000.pp.173,

E-Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Logistics - Essay Example But this is not possible in reality. As e-business (e-commerce) develops there is an evolution in the logistical services offered by companies (Beebe, n.d.). E-logistics is a system of ‘automating logistic process’ that provides an integrated, end-end completion of services and supply chain management of services to players, who perform logistic practices (Zhang & Et. Al., n.d.). The development of logistics comes under three categories such as military logistics, business logistics and e-logistics. Nowadays, e-logistics has become the most modern concept in the logistics industry. It can understand and recognise the utility of electronic technology, automation as well as network technology (Weixi & Jian-Jun, n.d.). 2.0 Reason for Emergence of E-Logistics and Its Distinguishing Factors E-logistics signifies a process of acquisition and storage of goods and services and also the products’ and goods’ movement and their information in an appropriate manner wit h best service and lowest cost. The competitive environment has enabled e-logistics to function more effectively. Customers are provided best services with the help of e-logistics. Due to e-logistics, the products are delivered with better quality, reduced costs and shorter lead time. Companies can gradually organise their operations in synchronised time and make the information available according to customer’s needs and the products can also be prepared in time. Customers require not only latest information, but also immediate information regarding the place and disposition of the entire productive assets. They expect to have the information of the location of the asset with available transportation facilities. Based on this present situation, logistics is becoming chief enabler of ‘real-time response’ to the needs of customers. It is becoming tools which create space for important cost reduction. Overall financial perspective drill benefits from improving in v arious areas. E-logistics is advantageous for a company to investigate its internal resources as well as collective resources of vendors, suppliers, customers and buyers. The emergence of e-logistics represents challenges and opportunities for a company. Information need to be passed through both organisational boundaries as well as distances that split and span the whole enterprise. The power of E-logistics is present in its ability while bringing together former unlinked information access to the entire supply chain production and for developing effective tools in order to handle complex flow of information as well as materials (Jovovic, 2010). The challenges faced by e-logistics include limited retailing experience and in certain cases volume of return is not definite (Sarkis, 2011). E-logistics is an outgrowth of e-commerce revolution. As the information is gathered rapidly, a company can develop the logistics service with low cost (Business Week, n.d.). E-logistics leverages th e power of internet and other wireless technologies in order to provide vital information to supply chain participants. It also offers extraordinary levels of visibility across the entire supply chain. Emergent e-logistics solution providers as well as service companies are blowing into this prospect. They are tapping by means of addressing logistics issues which includes supplier selection, order fulfilment, asset utilisation, inventory management, order visibility and pricing (Beebe,

Redbox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Redbox - Essay Example ly, the Redbox provided video games that are good sources of entertainment of children thereby relieving their parents once they are in stores and restaurants among other places (Redbox Corporate Managemen 00: 01:46). Notably, other than being initiated by the McDonald’s management, the Redbox was introduced to other retail outlets including mass retailers, grocery and convenience stores, and pharmacies among other fast food restaurants. Finally, it is worth noting that despite the Redbox not only started its operation as a movie selling store kiosk, but also majored on items including grocery items including eggs, milk, and sandwiches. However, of all the store kiosks, the DVD rental kiosks became more successful of the other grocery kiosks thereby making the company to focus on the DVD market (Redbox Corporate Managemen 00: 08:22). Notably, the same success of the DVD kiosks has made the company to be thinking of expanding the market to other regions with the immediate region in mind being

Financial Crisis in South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Crisis in South Korea - Essay Example The financial crisis in South Korea was worsened by the wave of bankruptcies that occurred in the corporate sector of the South Korea. 1 In spite of the fact that the cause for financial crisis in South East Asia was common for most of the countries, the observers could not agree upon some specific reasons pertaining to the development of Korean economy and especially the level of leverage in the corporate sector of economy of the South Korea. For instance, according to the research of Paola Bongini and Giovanni Ferri, the leverage in pre crisis period was high both for profitable companies and poor performing, less profitable ones. Thus one could not assume that the leverage had been caused by the ingrained inefficiency of the corporations; moreover the results of their research showed that the companies were leveraged because of the high growth; thus the authors concluded that direct relationship between the growth rate of the company and the level of leverage was present.2 The sec ond question that authors addressed was the role that the level of the leverage plaid in the bankruptcies of several corporations in the South Korea. The results obtained by the researchers confirmed the hypothesis that reliance on the banking financing could decrease the probability of bankruptcy whereas the reliance on intermediated credit might increase the possibility of bankruptcy; these results were explained by the fact that bank credits in contrast to the intermediated were more negotiable ones. 3 The findings also showed that there was a correlation between the interest coverage ratios and the probability of the bankruptcy. Companies with low interest coverage ratios had higher probability of the bankruptcy and visa versa; as low interest coverage ratio might indicate the vulnerability of the company that could be worsened by the unexpected sharp increase in the interest rate. Trade credits as the experience of the South Korea showed may increase the possibility of the bankruptcy of the enterprises as trade creditors are less inclined to modify the credit conditions, thus those companies that relied on the trade credits were especially vulnerable. At the end of the nineties many economic researchers attempted to access the role of the huge enterprises plaid in the accumulation of the capital in national economy; most of the researchers agreed that large conglomerations created national capital, however there were some controversies surrounding the efficiency of the internal market capital. On the one hand such scientists as Stein claimed that internal capital market are more efficient than external ones as they decrease transition costs as well as provide better incentives in the process of credit allocation, whereas other researchers asserted that internal capital might reduce value-added process within the group as the managers of the conglomerate may be engrossed in the cross subsidizing process that could hamper the development of the company and would not add the value to the group; apart from this the companies- members of the conglomerate usually have less financial constraints than other companies in the market, that have to rely on their cash flows or on the credits from other financial institutions So the researchers came to the conclusion that leverage coupled with liquidity constraints was the most

The new role of the European Union as peacekeeper Essay

The new role of the European Union as peacekeeper - Essay Example Yet, through its shared power it has decision making authority to act on behalf of its member states while holding no sovereign or military power of its own. While this may be true, there are also strengths involved in this configuration. Unlike an individual sovereign state which is limited by its own resources and individual structure, the EU can draw on a vast array of resources when necessary from each of its member states. This unique quality through coordinated efforts has the potential of ensuring a powerful tool in the peacekeeping missions required in today’s volatile world (Gourlay 404). As such, delving into the policy making and decision making responsibilities the EU has poses some interesting questions when it comes to international peacekeeping responsibilities. The decisions on how the EU handled international peacekeeping interventions and how it has evolved into a world class example of a peacekeeper will be shown. Additionally on its path through these vario us initiatives unique challenges faced by the EU and its membership will be discussed as well as a look towards the future face of the EU as a major shareholder in the peace process worldwide. The EU has successfully navigated uncharted water with its original hierarchy. Throughout this essay we will examine how the EU has accomplished some milestones well. There have been bumps in the road but as will be evidenced, the EU keeps moving to the future and a safer more secure world for us all. According to Bono the lines get even further blurred when examining this issue.